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After ingestion, it adheres to and invades the host epithelium while evading the host innate immune response, causing little if any inflammation. Conversely,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in humans and thrives in the inflamed gut. Upon entering the host,\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium preferentially colonizes Peyer's patches, a lymphoid organ in which microfold cells (M cells) overlay an arrangement of B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Both serovars can adhere to and invade M cells and enterocytes, and it has been assumed that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi also preferentially targets M cells. In this study, we present data supporting the alternative hypothesis that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi preferentially targets enterocytes. Using a tissue culture M cell model, we examined\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi strains with a deletion in the\n            <jats:italic>stg<\/jats:italic>\n            fimbriae. The\n            <jats:italic>stg<\/jats:italic>\n            deletion resulted in increased adherence to M cells and, as expected, decreased adherence to Caco-2 cells. Adherence to M cells could be further enhanced by introduction of the long polar fimbriae (Lpf), which facilitate adherence of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhimurium to M cells. Deletion of\n            <jats:italic>stg<\/jats:italic>\n            and\/or introduction of\n            <jats:italic>lpf<\/jats:italic>\n            enhanced M cell invasion as well, leading to significant increases in secretion of interleukin 8. These results suggest that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi may preferentially target enterocytes\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00172-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:40:37Z","timestamp":1497919237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["New Insights into the Roles of Long Polar Fimbriae and Stg Fimbriae in Salmonella Interactions with Enterocytes and M Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyra","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.01.010401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.139.5.1189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(94)90031-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.2310-2318.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00035.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5726-5735.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00289-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605200103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00965.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002933"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.19-27.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00656-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.1134-1137.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.9.5789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"949","article-title":"Histopathology of typhoid enteritis: morphologic and immunophenotypic findings","volume":"12","author":"Kraus MD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kraus MD Amatya B Kimula Y . 1999. 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