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Unlike eutherian mammals, Australian marsupials (metatherian mammals) have long been thought to be highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis and neosporosis because of their historical isolation from the parasites. In this study, the carnivorous fat-tailed dunnart (<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Sminthopsis crassicaudata<\/jats:named-content>) was used as a disease model to investigate the immune response and susceptibility to infection of an Australian marsupial to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. caninum<\/jats:named-content>. The disease outcome was more severe in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. caninum<\/jats:named-content>-infected dunnarts than in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>-infected dunnarts, as shown by the severity of clinical and histopathological features of disease and higher tissue parasite burdens in the tissues evaluated. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of spleens from infected dunnarts and mitogen-stimulated dunnart splenocytes was used to define the cytokine repertoires. Changes in mRNA expression during the time course of infection were measured using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) for key Th1 (gamma interferon [IFN-\u03b3] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-\u03b1]), Th2 (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-6), and Th17 (IL-17A) cytokines. The results show qualitative differences in cytokine responses by the fat-tailed dunnart to infection with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. caninum<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>. Dunnarts infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>were capable of mounting a more effective Th1 immune response than those infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. caninum<\/jats:named-content>, indicating the role of the immune response in the outcome scenarios of parasite infection in this marsupial mammal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00173-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T00:31:48Z","timestamp":1490661108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differential Gamma Interferon- and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Driven Cytokine Response Distinguishes Acute Infection of a Metatherian Host with Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Donahoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Phalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bronwyn M.","family":"McAllan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"O'Meally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milton M.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160lapeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00094-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP . 2010. 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