{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:05:09Z","timestamp":1789401909522,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Infants appear to be particularly susceptible to<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>pulmonary infections. We have previously demonstrated that there is approximately a 3-week delay in the clearance of<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>organisms from pup mouse lungs compared to that in adults. We have further shown that there is approximately a 1-week delay in alveolar macrophage activation in pups versus adult mice. Alveolar macrophages are the primary effector cells responsible for the killing and clearance of<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>, suggesting that pup alveolar macrophages may be involved in the delayed clearance of this organism. Alveolar macrophages cultured in vitro with<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>alone demonstrate little to no activation, as indicated by a lack of cytokine production. However, when cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or zymosan, cytokine production was markedly increased, suggesting that pup alveolar macrophages are specifically unresponsive to<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>organisms rather than being intrinsically unable to become activated. Furthermore, pup mice treated with aerosolized, heat-killed<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>in vivo were able to clear<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>more efficiently than were control mice. Together, these data suggest that while pup alveolar macrophages are unresponsive to<jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>f. sp.<jats:italic>muris<\/jats:italic>organisms, they are capable of activation by heat-killed<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>in vivo, as well as LPS and zymosan in vitro. The lack of response of pup mice to<jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>f. sp.<jats:italic>muris<\/jats:italic>may reflect protective mechanisms specific to the developing pup lung, but ultimately it results in insufficient clearance of<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00174-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,8]],"date-time":"2007-05-08T00:25:39Z","timestamp":1178583939000},"page":"3382-3393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Exogenous Heat-Killed<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>Improves Alveolar Macrophage Activity and Reduces<i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>Lung Burden in Infant Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Kerry M.","family":"Empey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Hollifield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Garvy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.11.3859-3862.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.4.1279-1284.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000243433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6211-6220.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.10.3987-3992.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.3852-3856.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.3.881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.9.3932","volume":"150","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hoffman, O. 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