{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:17:13Z","timestamp":1758817033069,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32AI007637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI37116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI37116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            is a causative agent of cutaneous ulcers in children who live in the tropics and of the genital ulcer disease chancroid in sexually active persons. In the anaerobic environment of abscesses and ulcers, anaerobic respiration and mixed acid fermentation (MAF) can be used to provide cellular energy. In\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            , MAF produces formate, acetate, lactate, succinate, and ethanol; however, MAF has not been studied in\n            <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            . In human challenge experiments with\n            <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            35000HP, transcripts of the formate transporter FocA and pyruvate formate lyase (PflB) were upregulated in pustules compared to the inocula. We made single and double mutants of\n            <jats:italic>focA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            in 35000HP. Growth of 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA<\/jats:italic>\n            was similar to 35000HP, but 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            and 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            had growth defects during both aerobic and anaerobic growth. Mutants lacking\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            did not secrete formate into the media. However, formate was secreted into the media by 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA<\/jats:italic>\n            , indicating that\n            <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            has alternative formate transporters. The pH of the media during anaerobic growth decreased for 35000HP and 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA<\/jats:italic>\n            , but not for 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            or 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            , indicating that\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            is the main contributor to media acidification during anaerobic growth. We tested whether formate production and transport were required for virulence in seven human volunteers in a mutant versus parent trial between 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            and 35000HP. The pustule formation rate was similar for 35000HP (42.9%)- and 35000HP\u0394\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            (62%)-inoculated sites. Although formate production occurs during\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            growth and\n            <jats:italic>focA-pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            transcripts are upregulated during human infection,\n            <jats:italic>focA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>pflB<\/jats:italic>\n            are not required for virulence in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00176-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T13:00:26Z","timestamp":1692363626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Formate production is dispensable for\n            <i>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/i>\n            virulence in human volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5277-3692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Brothwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate R.","family":"Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalan S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa A.","family":"Batteiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Duplantier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Grounds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber S.","family":"Jannasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry P.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley M.","family":"Spinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"689","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Spinola SM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spinola SM . 2008. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi, p 689\u2013699. In Holmes KK , PF Sparling , WE Stamm , P Piot , JN Wasserheit , L Corey , MS Cohen , DH Watts (ed), Sexually transmitted diseases, 4th ed. 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