{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:17:24Z","timestamp":1775593044346,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            are the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. Despite frequent co-infections in patients, few studies have investigated how mono-infections may differ from co-infections. We hypothesized that a symbiotic relationship between the pathogens could account for the high rates of clinical co-infection. During\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            co-infection, we observed an unexpected phenotype where the\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            developmental cycle was impaired by\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae. C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            is an obligate intracellular pathogen with a unique biphasic developmental cycle progressing from infectious elementary bodies (EB) to replicative reticulate bodies (RB), and back. After 12 hours of co-infection, we observed fewer EBs than in a mono-infection. Chlamydial genome copy number remained equivalent between mono- and co-infections. This is a hallmark of Chlamydial persistence. Chlamydial persistence alters inclusion morphology but varies depending on the stimulus\/stress. We observed larger, but fewer,\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n            during co-infection. Tryptophan depletion can induce Chlamydial persistence, but tryptophan supplementation did not reverse the co-infection phenotype. Only viable and actively growing\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            produced the inhibition phenotype in\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            . Piliated\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            had the strongest effect on\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            , but hyperpiliated or non-piliated\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            still produced the phenotype. EB development was modestly impaired when\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            were grown in transwells above the infected monolayer.\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            serovar L2 was not impaired during co-infection. Chlamydial impairment could be due to cytoskeletal or osmotic stress caused by an as-yet-undefined mechanism. We conclude that\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            induces a persistence-like state in\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            that is serovar dependent.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00179-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T14:01:26Z","timestamp":1701180086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            drives\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n            into a persistence-like state during\n            <i>in vitro<\/i>\n            co-infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Ball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellis","family":"Bronstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George W.","family":"Liechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Maurelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"HHS CDC NCSSHTP. 2019. CDC FACT SHEET: reported STDs in the United States. Available from: www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/newsroom"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/sexually-transmitted-infection. 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