{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:14:10Z","timestamp":1790705650016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The plague bacillus<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:named-content>is unique among the pathogenic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:named-content>in utilizing an arthropod-borne transmission route. Transmission by fleabite is a recent evolutionary adaptation that followed the divergence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>from the closely related food- and waterborne enteric pathogen<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. A combination of population genetics, comparative genomics, and investigations of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Yersinia<\/jats:named-content>-flea interactions have disclosed the important steps in the evolution and emergence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>as a flea-borne pathogen. Only a few genetic changes, representing both gene gain by lateral transfer and gene loss by loss-of-function mutation (pseudogenization), were fundamental to this process. The emergence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>fits evolutionary theories that emphasize ecological opportunity in adaptive diversification and rapid emergence of new species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00188-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]],"date-time":"2016-05-10T03:04:56Z","timestamp":1462849496000},"page":"1932-1940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Ecological Opportunity, Evolution, and the Emergence of Flea-Borne Plague"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"B. Joseph","family":"Hinnebusch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Chouikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Cheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Plagues and peoples","author":"McNeil WH","year":"1976","unstructured":"McNeil WH. 1976. Plagues and peoples. Doubleday, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","volume-title":"Guns, germs and steel","author":"Diamond JM","year":"1997","unstructured":"Diamond JM. 1997. Guns, germs and steel. Random House, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408026101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205750110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.21.110190.002105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08480"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656902"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803151105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05484.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1088"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003617"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-10-230"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000344"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403138111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162832"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.705"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003349"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70323-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001134"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10549"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602138103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/10.Supplement_2.S274"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2160"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1003071"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.804031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01099-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki631"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01377-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/292237a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3561-7_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"423","article-title":"LXVII. Observations on the mechanism of the transmission of plague by fleas","volume":"13","author":"Bacot AW","year":"1914","unstructured":"Bacot AW, Martin CJ. 1914. LXVII. Observations on the mechanism of the transmission of plague by fleas. J Hyg (Lond) 13(Suppl):423\u2013439.","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","article-title":"LXXXI. Further notes on the mechanism of the transmission of plague by fleas","volume":"14","author":"Bacot AW","year":"1915","unstructured":"Bacot AW. 1915. LXXXI. Further notes on the mechanism of the transmission of plague by fleas. J Hyg (Lond) 14(Suppl):774\u2013776.","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422695"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00986.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.3.1113-1119.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","volume-title":"Plague","author":"Pollitzer R","year":"1954","unstructured":"Pollitzer R. 1954. Plague. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314456"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069972"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00281-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2526"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2004.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1227"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45752-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.050405.101230"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803525105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101011-155705"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00043-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07470.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019267"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09566"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08412"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06243-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00799.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01554.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01181-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413209111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.170-176.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.14.3924-3928.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(91)90005-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005222"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137195"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8487"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.082123-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.037952-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00489-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0866"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/simp93764"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505235.001.0001","volume-title":"The ecology of adaptive radiation","author":"Schluter D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schluter D. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01237.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300004310"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.17.11824"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116818"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control","author":"Anderson RM","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anderson RM, May RM. 1991. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429931"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.43.3.895-900.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01481.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03817.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00740-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2005.00931.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/27900"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.107110"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00188-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00188-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T08:52:55Z","timestamp":1718527975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00188-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"H. L.","family":"Andrews-Polymenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00188-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00188-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-06-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}