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However, little is known about the specificity of human T-cell responses for Caf1. We characterized CD4 T-cell epitopes of Caf1 in \u201chumanized\u201d HLA-DR1 transgenic mice lacking endogenous major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Mice were immunized with Caf1 or each of a complete set of overlapping synthetic peptides, and CD4 T-cell immunity was measured with respect to proliferative and gamma interferon T-cell responses and recognition by a panel of T-cell hybridomas, as well as direct determination of binding affinities of Caf1 peptides to purified HLA-DR molecules. Although a number of DR1-restricted epitopes were identified following Caf1 immunization, the response was biased toward a single immunodominant epitope near the C terminus of Caf1. In addition, potential promiscuous epitopes, including the immunodominant epitope, were identified by their ability to bind multiple common HLA alleles, with implications for the generation of multivalent vaccines against plague for use in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00195-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T03:17:12Z","timestamp":1280200632000},"page":"4356-4362","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Repertoire of HLA-DR1-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Responses to Capsular Caf1 Antigen of<i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>in Human Leukocyte Antigen Transgenic Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Musson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA-Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies, SIMOPRO, Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ascough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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