{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:58:31Z","timestamp":1790812711699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAID Intramural Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied infection and immunity of hysterectomized mice infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>to determine if there were differences between these species in their ability to infect vaginal squamous epithelial cells<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>independently of proximal upper genital tract tissues. We found that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>readily colonized and infected vaginal squamous epithelial cells, whereas<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>did not. Primary infection of the vaginal epithelium with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>produced infections of a duration longer than that reported for normal mice. Infection resulted in an inflammatory response in the vagina characterized by neutrophils and infiltrating submucosal plasma cells consisting primarily of T cells. Despite the delayed clearance, rechallenged<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>-infected mice were highly immune. Mice vaginally infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>produced serum and vaginal wash antibodies and an antigen-specific gamma interferon-dominated Th1-biased T cell response. By comparison, mice vaginally infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>exhibited transient low-burden infections, produced no detectable tissue inflammatory response, and failed to seroconvert. We discuss how these marked differences in the biology of vaginal infection between these otherwise genetically similar species are possibly linked to pathogen-specific virulence genes and how they may influence pathology and immunity in the upper genital tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00197-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T00:20:41Z","timestamp":1493684441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Infection of Hysterectomized Mice with Chlamydia muridarum and Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Chunfu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Whitmire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail L.","family":"Sturdevant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlan D.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198404000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1981.tb07622.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2741-2751.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3344","article-title":"Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis is mediated by T helper 1 cells through IFN-gamma-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"158","author":"Perry LL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perry LL Feilzer K Caldwell HD . 1997. 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