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In this study, the mechanism of upregulation of MMP-9 was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The concentrations of MMP-9 and soluble CD14 were markedly elevated in serum from patients with acute Lyme disease and were also upregulated in U937 cells by<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. MMP-9 mRNA was expressed at baseline in fibroblasts in the presence or absence of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>. However, when fibroblasts were incubated with supernatants from U937 cells with<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>or recombinant CD14, the expression of MMP-9 was significantly increased. This effect was completely abolished by the anti-CD14 antibody. These data suggest that the upregulation of MMP-9 by<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>involves the CD14 pathway in infiltrating inflammatory cells. Fibroblasts could be recruited to amplify local production of MMP-9 by acquiring CD14 from macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00202-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,3]],"date-time":"2007-04-03T00:44:08Z","timestamp":1175561048000},"page":"3062-3069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["CD14 Mediates Cross Talk between Mononuclear Cells and Fibroblasts for Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 by<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilaal","family":"McCloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Klempner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.5.1567","volume":"147","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bazil, V., and J. 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