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To gain insight into the in vivo interactions mediated by the T4SS, we compared host responses elicited by<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>with those of an isogenic mutant in the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>operon. Mice infected with the<jats:italic>B. abortus virB<\/jats:italic>mutant elicited smaller increases in serum levels of immunoglobulin G2a, gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), and interleukin-12p40 than did mice infected with wild-type<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>. Despite equal bacterial loads in the spleen, at 3 to 4 days postinfection, levels of IFN-\u03b3 were higher in mice infected with wild-type<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>than in mice infected with the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>mutant, as shown by real-time PCR, intracellular cytokine staining, and cytokine levels. IFN-\u03b3-producing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were more abundant in spleens of mice infected with wild-type<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>than in<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>mutant-infected mice. Similar numbers of IFN-\u03b3-secreting CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were observed in the spleens of mice infected with<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>2308 or a<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>mutant. These results suggest that early differences in cytokine responses contribute to a stronger Th1 polarization of the immune response in mice infected with wild-type<jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>than in mice infected with the<jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>mutant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00203-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,6]],"date-time":"2008-05-06T00:25:03Z","timestamp":1210033503000},"page":"3207-3213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Inactivation of the Type IV Secretion System Reduces the Th1 Polarization of the Immune Response to<i>Brucella abortus<\/i>Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Hortensia Garci\u0301a","family":"Rola\u0301n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&amp;M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene\u0301e M.","family":"Tsolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&amp;M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4418-4426.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1","year":"1975","unstructured":"Alton, G. 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