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Colonization induces inflammation that promotes the organism's growth and transmission. This inflammatory response is dependent on intracellular sensing of bacterial components that access the cytosolic compartment via the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin pneumolysin.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, cytosolic access results in cell death that includes release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2). IL-1 family cytokines, including IL-1\u03b2, are secreted upon activation of inflammasomes, although the role of this activation in the host immune response to pneumococcal carriage is unknown. Using a murine model of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization, we show that mice deficient in the interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (<jats:italic>Il1r1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) have reduced numbers of neutrophils early after infection, fewer macrophages later in carriage, and prolonged bacterial colonization. Moreover, intranasal administration of Il-1\u03b2 promoted clearance. Macrophages are the effectors of clearance, and characterization of macrophage chemokines in colonized mice revealed that<jats:italic>Il1r1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice have lower expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CCL6), correlating with reduced macrophage recruitment to the nasopharynx. IL-1 family cytokines are known to promote adaptive immunity; however, we observed no difference in the development of humoral or cellular immunity to pneumococcal colonization between wild-type and<jats:italic>Il1r1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice. Our findings show that sensing of IL-1 cytokines during colonization promotes inflammation without immunity, which may ultimately benefit the pneumococcus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00224-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,2]],"date-time":"2015-06-02T13:55:03Z","timestamp":1433253303000},"page":"3204-3212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Sensing of Interleukin-1 Cytokines during Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Contributes to Macrophage Recruitment and Bacterial Clearance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Jamie K.","family":"Lemon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization\u2014WHO position paper","volume":"82","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2007. 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