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Interestingly,<jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>LPS is a potent antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as it inhibited both mRNA transcription and the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and IL-6 by<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>LPS in human monocytes, at ratios ranging from 1,000:1 to 10:1 (<jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>LPS to<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>LPS). Likewise,<jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>LPS blocked the interaction of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>LPS with TLR4 in transfected cell lines. The extent of the inhibitory effect of<jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>LPS was demonstrated in microarray studies, which showed downregulation of practically all genes induced by LPS in monocytes. Because of the role of TLR4 in inflammation,<jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic>LPS may prove useful as a potent anti-TLR4 agent with therapeutic potential in both infections and autoimmune inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00237-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,3]],"date-time":"2007-07-03T00:34:01Z","timestamp":1183422841000},"page":"4831-4837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["<i>Bartonella quintana<\/i>Lipopolysaccharide Is a Natural Antagonist of Toll-Like Receptor 4"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Calin","family":"Popa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Rheumatology Research &amp; Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Abdollahi-Roodsaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Research &amp; Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo A. 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