{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T03:00:31Z","timestamp":1776913231457,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1810599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1810599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>As an obligate intracellular, developmentally regulated bacterium,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>is sensitive to amino acid fluctuations within its host cell. When human epithelial cells are treated with the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), the tryptophan (Trp)-degrading enzyme, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, is induced. Chlamydiae within such cells are starved for Trp and enter a state of so-called persistence.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>lacks the stringent response used by many eubacteria to respond to this stress. Unusually, chlamydial transcription is globally elevated during Trp starvation with transcripts for Trp codon-containing genes disproportionately increased. Yet, the presence of Trp codons destabilized 3\u2032 ends of transcripts in operons or large genes. We initially hypothesized that ribosome stalling on Trp codons rendered the 3\u2032 ends sensitive to RNase activity. The half-life of chlamydial transcripts containing different numbers of Trp codons was thus measured in untreated and IFN-\u03b3-treated infected cells to determine whether Trp codons influenced the stability of transcripts. However, no effect of Trp codon content was detected. Therefore, we investigated whether Rho-dependent transcription termination could play a role in mediating transcript instability. Rho is expressed as a midcycle gene product, interacts with itself as predicted, and is present in all chlamydial species. Inhibition of Rho via the Rho-specific antibiotic, bicyclomycin, and overexpression of Rho are detrimental to chlamydiae. Finally, when we measured transcript abundance 3\u2032 to Trp codons in the presence of bicyclomycin, we observed that transcript abundance increased. These data are the first to demonstrate the importance of Rho in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>and the role of Rho-dependent transcription polarity during persistence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00240-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T10:02:08Z","timestamp":1525168928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characterization of Chlamydial Rho and the Role of Rho-Mediated Transcriptional Polarity during Interferon Gamma-Mediated Tryptophan Limitation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Scot P.","family":"Ouellette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"},{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parker R.","family":"Messerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Hajovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"443","article-title":"Chlamydiae as agents of human and animal diseases","volume":"49","author":"Schachter J","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schachter J, Storz J, Tarizzo ML, Bogel K. 1973. Chlamydiae as agents of human and animal diseases. Bull World Health Organ 49:443\u2013449.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.5.757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13914-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-2-200707170-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.6.1275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90399-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90741-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult asthma: a before-after trial","volume":"41","author":"Hahn DL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hahn DL. 1995. Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult asthma: a before-after trial. J Fam Pract 41:345\u2013351.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.4.686-699.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.3998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4539-4547.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.12.1.211-220.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1457-1464.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2001.0433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.2.347-351.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.9.4059-4062.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.1.199-205.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05465.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00377-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2017.e00364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1472-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83845-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48168-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-030117-020432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai7776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1331135100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00065a007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1995.0066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08100.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/138.5.655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03638.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.5.2542","article-title":"Gamma-interferon is the factor in lymphokine that activates human macrophages to inhibit intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication","volume":"131","author":"Rothermel CD","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rothermel CD, Rubin BY, Murray HW. 1983. Gamma-interferon is the factor in lymphokine that activates human macrophages to inhibit intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication. J Immunol 131:2542\u20132544.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.3.1152-1158.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.48.2.592-596.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.12.5529","article-title":"IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial response. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant host cells no longer inhibit intracellular Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma growth","volume":"150","author":"Thomas SM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thomas SM, Garrity LF, Brandt CR, Schobert CS, Feng GS, Taylor MW, Carlin JM, Byrne GI. 1993. IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial response. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant host cells no longer inhibit intracellular Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma growth. J Immunol 150:5529\u20135534.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90701-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.22.7853-7856.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.7.2233-2243.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmb.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7033-9_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60958-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm363"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00240-18","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00240-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T10:38:31Z","timestamp":1693651111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00240-18"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Craig R.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00240-18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00240-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00240-18"}}