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Neonatal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection of mice is a relevant model to investigate metabolic and immunological effects. We performed an explorative study at the dynamic 1st month of life to compare the composition of the gastrointestinal tract microbiome and stomach gene expression of mice neonatally infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      with that of uninfected mice. We found that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      was present only in the stomach, and that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      loads increase with age from 1 week after infection and onward, especially after weaning. Stomach and colon microbiome composition was strikingly similar between sites at the same sampling time but changed significantly over 1 week, with increased diversity at both sites. Despite the fact that the relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the stomach was low and never exceeded 3%, the composition and alpha diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome was significantly affected by infection. In a pathway enrichment analysis, we found that stomach gene expression related to the extracellular matrix, muscle contraction, and metabolism was affected by infection. Expression of these key processes was, in infected mice, shifted away from that of control mice toward that of all mice sampled the subsequent week, which we speculate represents accelerated development in infected mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00250-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T12:00:54Z","timestamp":1758542454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neonatal infection with\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    affects stomach and colon microbiome composition and gene expression in mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-5845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katrine B.","family":"Graversen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0311-1373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bella","family":"Bjarnov-Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigri","family":"Kl\u00f8ve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kr\u00edstina","family":"Halajov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-040X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra B.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.8.821"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590158"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004060"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45041"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506655103"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-022-00510-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2186677"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12854"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00874-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218900120"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba0478"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00361"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kennedy EA Weagley JS Kim AH Antia A DeVeaux AL Baldridge MT. 2025. 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