{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:08Z","timestamp":1791951068063,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Tick-borne pathogens may be transmitted intrastadially and transstadially within a single vector generation as well as vertically between generations. Understanding the mode and relative efficiency of this transmission is required for infection control. In this study, we established that adult male\n            <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus microplus<\/jats:italic>\n            ticks efficiently acquire the protozoal pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Babesia equi<\/jats:italic>\n            during acute and persistent infections and transmit it intrastadially to nai\u0308ve horses. Although the level of parasitemia during acquisition feeding affected the efficiency of the initial tick infection, infected ticks developed levels of \u226510\n            <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n            organisms\/pair of salivary glands independent of the level of parasitemia during acquisition feeding and successfully transmitted them, indicating that replication within the tick compensated for any initial differences in infectious dose and exceeded the threshold for transmission. During the development of\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites in the salivary gland granular acini, the parasites expressed levels of paralogous surface proteins significantly different from those expressed by intraerythrocytic parasites from the mammalian host. In contrast to the successful intrastadial transmission, adult female\n            <jats:italic>R. microplus<\/jats:italic>\n            ticks that fed on horses with high parasitemia passed the parasite vertically into the eggs with low efficiency, and the subsequent generation (larvae, nymphs, and adults) failed to transmit\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            parasites to nai\u0308ve horses. The data demonstrated that intrastadial but not transovarial transmission is an efficient mode for\n            <jats:italic>B. equi<\/jats:italic>\n            transmission and that persistently infected horses are an important reservoir for transmission. Consequently,\n            <jats:italic>R. microplus<\/jats:italic>\n            male ticks and persistently infected horses should be targeted for disease control.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00251-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,20]],"date-time":"2008-05-20T00:34:58Z","timestamp":1211243698000},"page":"3525-3529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Persistently Infected Horses Are Reservoirs for Intrastadial Tick-Borne Transmission of the Apicomplexan Parasite\n            <i>Babesia equi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy H.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen A.","family":"Scoles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lowell S.","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"},{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00131-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(83)90047-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"23","year":"1988","unstructured":"Friedhoff, K. 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Rudzinska, A. Spielman, S. Lewengrub, J. Piesman, and N. Shoukrey. 1983. Ultrastructural studies on sporogony of Babesia microti in salivary gland cells of the tick Ixodes dammini. Cell Tissue Res.231:275-287.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3122-3126.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.7.2412-2417.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00387-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(86)90118-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02927.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.3.484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5803-5809.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3755-3759.2005"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00251-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00251-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T07:41:40Z","timestamp":1646466100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00251-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00251-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00251-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-05-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}