{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:21:16Z","timestamp":1790389276101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although typhoid fever has been intensively studied, chronic typhoid carriage still represents a problem for the transmission and persistence of the disease in areas of endemicity. This chronic state is highly associated with the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder of infected carriers upon which<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>can form robust biofilms. However, we hypothesize that in addition to gallstones, the gallbladder epithelium aids in the establishment\/maintenance of chronic carriage. In this work, we present evidence of the role of the gallbladder epithelium in chronic carriage by a mechanism involving invasion, intracellular persistence, and biofilm formation.<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>was able to adhere to and invade polarized gallbladder epithelial cells apically in the absence and presence of bile in a<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-dependent manner. Intracellular replication of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>was also evident at 12 and 24 h postinvasion. A flowthrough system revealed that<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>is able to adhere to and form extensive bacterial foci on gallbladder epithelial cells as early as 12 h postinoculation.<jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>experiments using a chronic mouse model of typhoid carriage showed invasion and damage of the gallbladder epithelium and lamina propria up to 2 months after<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>infection, with an abundant presence of macrophages, a relative absence of neutrophils, and extrusion of infected epithelial cells. Additionally, microcolonies of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>cells were evident on the surface of the mouse gallbladder epithelia up to 21 days postinfection. These data reveal a second potential mechanism, intracellular persistence and\/or bacterial aggregation in\/on the gallbladder epithelium with luminal cell extrusion, for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>maintenance in the gallbladder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00258-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,4]],"date-time":"2013-06-04T00:21:25Z","timestamp":1370305285000},"page":"2920-2930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Gallbladder Epithelium as a Niche for Chronic Salmonella Carriage"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Gonzalez-Escobedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"CrumpJALubySPMintzED. 2004. 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