{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:50:43Z","timestamp":1777549843756,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Helminth infections are typically chronic in nature; however, the exact molecular mechanisms by which these parasites promote or thwart host immunity remain unclear. Worm expulsion requires the differentiation of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells into Th2 cells, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) act to dampen the extent of the Th2 response. Priming of T cells requires drainage or capture of antigens within lymphoid tissues, and in the case of intestinal helminths, such sites include the mucosa-associated Peyer's patches (PPs) and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). To gain insight into when and where the activation of the adaptive T cell response takes place following intestinal helminth infection, we analyzed Th2 and Treg responses in the PPs and MLN following infection with the murine intestinal helminth\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">bakeri<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Protective Th2 responses were observed to be largely restricted to the MLN, while a greater expansion of Tregs occurred within the PPs. Interestingly, those PPs that formed a contact with the parasite showed the greatest degree of Treg expansion and no evidence of type 2 cytokine production, indicating that the parasite may secrete products that act in a local manner to selectively promote Treg expansion. This view was supported by the finding that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. polygyrus<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">bakeri<\/jats:named-content>\n            larvae could promote Treg proliferation\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Taken together, these data indicate that different degrees of Treg expansion and type 2 cytokine production occur within the PPs and MLN following infection with the intestinal helminth\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. polygyrus<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">bakeri<\/jats:named-content>\n            and indicate that these organs exhibit differential responses following infection with intestinal helminths.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00266-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T02:30:36Z","timestamp":1436236236000},"page":"3657-3665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Parasite Proximity Drives the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells in Peyer's Patches following Intestinal Helminth Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mosconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalit Kumar","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Esser-von Bieren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department 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