{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:47:38Z","timestamp":1791899258404,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI121571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI166815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI166815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK120515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK120515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Giardiasis caused by the intestinal protozoan\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a major global cause of diarrheal disease and malabsorption particularly affecting young children and populations in low- and middle-income countries. Despite evidence of immunity after infection, no human vaccine is available. Induction of effective mucosal immunity is critical for protection against this lumen-dwelling pathogen, but has been hampered by the lack of suitable adjuvants. We show here in a murine model that cyclic di-(3\u2032,5\u2032)-guanosine monophosphate (CDG) is a potent mucosal adjuvant for immunization against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      with a defined antigen, \u03b11-giardin. Based on this observation, we developed a novel nanovaccine strategy that employs metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles loaded with CDG and cloaked with native\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      membranes. These particles enable simultaneous delivery of multiple antigens in their native form together with a powerful mucosal adjuvant. CDG-loaded MOFs exhibited efficient cargo encapsulation and controlled release and strong immune-stimulatory activity in dendritic cells. Intranasal immunization of mice with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      membrane-coated CDG-MOFs elicited robust parasite-specific IgG responses and conferred profound protection against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection that was superior to that achieved with a single defined antigen. Immunization-induced protection was dependent on the CDG receptor STING and required CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells but was independent of secretory IgA. These findings demonstrate that MOF-based nanovaccines incorporating a cyclic dinucleotide represent an effective platform for inducing protective mucosal immunity against giardiasis. More broadly, this approach offers a versatile strategy for delivering hydrophilic adjuvants and multivalent antigens for vaccination against mucosal pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00270-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:42:01Z","timestamp":1789479721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cyclic di-(3\u2032,5\u2032)-guanosine monophosphate-loaded metal-organic frameworks for mucosal immunization against giardiasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Nishta","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Nieskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan Alex","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronnie H.","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-0654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liangfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-8742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lars","family":"Eckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815003040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Reported gastrointestinal infections in the U.S. Air Force, 2000-2012","volume":"21","author":"Cover KE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cover KE, Ruiz SA, Chapman AS. 2014. 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