{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:01:34Z","timestamp":1772816494584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Vaccinating with live, conditionally attenuated, pigmentation (Pgm)-deficient\n            <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            primes T cells that protect mice against pneumonic plague. However, Pgm-deficient strains are not considered safe for human use because they retain substantial virulence in animal models.\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            strains engineered to express\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            LpxL are avirulent owing to constitutive production of lipopolysaccharide with increased Toll-like receptor 4-activating ability. We generated an LpxL-expressing Pgm-deficient strain (D27-pLpxL) and demonstrate here that this avirulent strain retains the capacity to prime protective T cells. Compared with unvaccinated controls, mice immunized intranasally with live D27-pLpxL exhibit a decreased bacterial burden and increased survival when challenged intranasally with virulent\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            . T cells provide a substantial degree of this protection, as vaccine efficacy is maintained in B-cell-deficient \u03bcMT mice unless those animals are depleted of CD4 and CD8 T cells at the time of challenge. Upon challenge with\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            , pulmonary T-cell numbers decline in naive mice, whereas immunized mice show increased numbers of CD44\n            <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n            CD43\n            <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n            effector T cells and T cells primed to produce tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon; neutralizing these cytokines at the time of challenge abrogates protection. Immunization does not prevent dissemination of\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            from the lung but limits bacterial growth and pathology in visceral tissue, apparently by facilitating formation of granuloma-like structures. This study describes a new model for studying T-cell-mediated protection against pneumonic plague and demonstrates the capacity for live, highly attenuated,\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            vaccine strains to prime protective memory T-cell responses safely.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00273-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]],"date-time":"2009-07-21T00:58:43Z","timestamp":1248137923000},"page":"4295-4304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["D27-pLpxL, an Avirulent Strain of\n            <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n            , Primes T Cells That Protect against Pneumonic Plague"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Frank M.","family":"Szaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence W.","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey B.","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jr-Shiuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara W.","family":"Montminy-Paquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egil","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Smiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00398-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00137-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Plague and other yersinia infections 1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Plague manual: epidemiology distribution surveillance and control 1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01446.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.2.908-915.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"631","volume":"52","year":"1963","unstructured":"Girard, G. 1963. 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