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In prior studies, we established that RD2, a pathogenicity island present in all M28 GAS isolates but mostly absent from other serotypes, is a factor in the M28\u2013puerperal sepsis association. Here, we identified a significant reduction in the RD2 conjugation frequency in inter-serotype conjugation assays relative to intra-serotype assays. As isolates of most GAS serotypes produce an antiphagocytic hyaluronic acid capsule, while M28 isolates do not, we tested whether the capsule served as a barrier to RD2 acquisition or maintenance. The data showed that capsule production had no impact on the RD2 conjugation frequency or on the ability of RD2 to enhance vaginal colonization by GAS, but did inhibit the ability of RD2 to enhance GAS adherence to vaginal epithelial cell lines. Further molecular explanations for the inter-serotype barrier to RD2 conjugative transfer were investigated, and a conserved, chromosomally encoded Type I restriction\u2013modification system was identified as being key. We also identified that RD2 modifies the GAS transcriptome, including mRNAs encoding virulence factors with adherence and dissemination roles, following exposure to human plasma. Our data provide insights into factors that contribute to the restriction of the RD2 pathogenicity island to discrete subsets of the GAS population.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00273-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T14:01:04Z","timestamp":1732716064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The group A\n            <i>Streptococcus<\/i>\n            pathogenicity island RD2: virulence role and barriers to conjugative transfer"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Roshika","family":"Roshika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada","place":["Reno, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushila","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada","place":["Reno, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada","place":["Reno, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashna","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada","place":["Reno, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada","place":["Reno, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-4159","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Sumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada","place":["Reno, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01083.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404163101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-39-3-165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47929-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062526099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003842"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00722-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00792-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00270-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00693-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-65"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02049-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01121-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46147-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02418-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","volume-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations","author":"Wessels MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wessels MR. 2022. 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