{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:32:59Z","timestamp":1791142379574,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Alveolar macrophages (AM) are very important for pulmonary innate immune responses against invading inhaled pathogens because they directly kill the organisms and initiate a cascade of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although several factors contribute to inhalational anthrax, we hypothesized that unimpeded infection of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            is directly linked to disabling the innate immune functions contributed by AM. Here, we investigated the effects of lethal toxin (LT), one of the binary complex virulence factors produced by\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            , on freshly isolated nonhuman primate AM. Exposure of AM to doses of LT that killed susceptible macrophages had no effect on the viability of AM, despite complete MEK1 cleavage. Intoxicated AM remained fully capable of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spore phagocytosis. However, pretreatment of AM with LT resulted in a significant decrease in the clearance of both the Sterne strain and the fully virulent Ames strain of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            , which may have been a result of impaired AM secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Our data imply that cytolysis does not correlate with MEK1 cleavage, and this is the first report of LT-mediated impairment of nonhuman primate AM bactericidal activity against\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00275-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T22:13:07Z","timestamp":1156284787000},"page":"5029-5034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Anthrax Lethal Toxin Impairs Innate Immune Functions of Alveolar Macrophages and Facilitates\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            Survival"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Wilson J.","family":"Ribot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha G.","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine C.","family":"Brittingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Ruthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara A.","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur M.","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Bavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.1175-1177.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-138-3-543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"19","volume":"9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gibb, T. R., D. A. Norwood, Jr., N. Woollen, and E. A. Henchal. 2002. Viral replication and host gene expression in alveolar macrophages infected with ebola virus (Zaire strain). Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.9:19-27.","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02695.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90027-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"281","volume":"7","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kassam, A., S. D. Der, and J. Mogridge. 2005. Differentiation of human monocytic cell lines confers susceptibility to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Cell. Microbiol.7:281-292.","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Kraal G. E. Broug J. F. V. Iwaarden J. H. A. Persoons and T. Thepen. 1997. The role of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary immune function 1st ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/115.5.481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4801-4809.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"1637","volume":"32","year":"1961","unstructured":"Millonig, G. 1961. Advantages of a phosphate buffer for OsO4 solutions in fixation. J. Appl. Phys.32:1637.","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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