{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:55:41Z","timestamp":1783392941223,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:named-content>\n            , known as the brain-eating amoeba, causes acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. During swimming and other recreational water activities,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. fowleri<\/jats:named-content>\n            trophozoites penetrate the nasal mucosa and invade the olfactory bulbs, resulting in intense inflammatory reactions in the forebrain tissue. To investigate what kinds of inflammasome molecules are expressed in target cells due to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. fowleri<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection, human macrophage cells (THP-1 cells) were cocultured with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. fowleri<\/jats:named-content>\n            trophozoites in a noncontact system, and consequently, interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) production was estimated. Caspase-1 activation and IL-1\u03b2 production from THP-1 cells by Western blotting and the culture supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis were observed at 3 h after cocultivation. In addition, the increased expression of ASC and NLRP3, which make up an inflammasome complex, was also observed at 3 h after cocultivation. To confirm the caspase-1 activation and IL-1\u03b2 production via the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells triggered by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. fowleri<\/jats:named-content>\n            trophozoites, THP-1 cells were pretreated with several inhibitors. The inhibition assay showed that CA-074 (a cathepsin B inhibitor), glybenclamide (an NLRP3 molecule inhibitor), and\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -benzyloxycarbony-Val-Ala-Asp(\n            <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n            -methyl)-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK; a caspase-1 inhibitor) reduced the levels of caspase-1 activation and IL-1\u03b2 production from THP-1 cells. This study suggests that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. fowleri<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection induces the NLRP3 inflammasome, which activates caspase-1 and subsequently produces IL-1\u03b2, thus resulting in inflammation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00275-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T02:29:34Z","timestamp":1465871374000},"page":"2422-2428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in THP-1 Target Cells Triggered by Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jong-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School 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