{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:42:18Z","timestamp":1786682538361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005302","name":"UofI | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The course of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection in rats closely resembles that in humans. However, compared to the Brown Norway (BN) rat, the Lewis (LEW) rat is extremely resistant to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection. Thus, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of the LEW rat versus the BN rat, with or without<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection, in order to unravel molecular factors directing robust and rapid early<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>-killing mechanisms in the LEW rat. We found that compared to the uninfected BN rat, the uninfected LEW rat has inherently higher transcript levels of cytochrome enzymes (Cyp2d3, Cyp2d5, and Cybrd1, which catalyze generation of reactive oxygen species [ROS]), with concomitant higher levels of ROS. Interestingly, despite having higher levels of ROS, the LEW rat had lower transcript levels for antioxidant enzymes (lactoperoxidase, microsomal glutathione<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-transferase 2 and 3, glutathione<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-transferase peroxidase kappa 1, and glutathione peroxidase) than the BN rat, suggesting that the LEW rat maintains cellular oxidative stress that it tolerates. Corroboratively, we found that scavenging of superoxide anion by Mn(III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) decreased the refractoriness of LEW rat peritoneal cells to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection, resulting in proliferation of parasites in LEW rat peritoneal cells which, in turn, led to augmented cell death in the infected cells. Together, our results indicate that the LEW rat maintains inherent cellular oxidative stress that contributes to resistance to invading<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>, and they thus unveil new avenues for developing therapeutic agents targeting induction of host cell oxidative stress as a mechanism for killing<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00289-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]],"date-time":"2017-07-25T00:20:22Z","timestamp":1500942022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Inherent Oxidative Stress in the Lewis Rat Is Associated with Resistance to Toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"William H.","family":"Witola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01029.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00898-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01505-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2494(05)80091-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6990-6997.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506643103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"200","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species","volume":"70","author":"Andreyev AY","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andreyev AY Kushnareva YE Starkov AA . 2005. 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