{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:24:06Z","timestamp":1791239046793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Most cases of cryptococcosis are caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (serotype A), which is widespread in the environment, where it is primarily associated with pigeon excreta. A number of molecular epidemiological studies indicate that many environmental and clinical isolates of serotype A are indistinguishable. However, the murine virulence of environmental strains of\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    has not been thoroughly evaluated. We used the murine intranasal model of cryptococcosis to compare the lethality of clinical and environmental strains of serotype A that possessed identical genotypes as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Eleven environmental strains were tested, and only one caused disease within 60 days postinfection, at which time the experiments were terminated. Conversely, 7 of 10 clinical isolates were lethal for mice at median times of 19 to 40 days. Passing environmental isolates in mice (up to three times) did not significantly increase their lethality. In follow-up studies, we developed a new genotyping technique based on hybridization with TCN2 and TCN4 retrotransposon-specific probes. Although the retrotransposon banding patterns were unstable after prolonged incubation in the laboratory, this method was able to differentiate clinical and environmental strains that had the same AFLP\/MLST genotypes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00296-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T20:58:56Z","timestamp":1243889936000},"page":"3188-3195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Most Environmental Isolates of\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    var.\n                    <i>grubii<\/i>\n                    (Serotype A) Are Not Lethal for Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Anastasia P.","family":"Litvintseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/25.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600810040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Cryptococcus neoformans. 1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00082-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28798-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00015-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.5.1188-1192.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.62.6.685-690.1951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"227","volume":"62","year":"1955","unstructured":"Emmons, C. W. 1955. Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with the pigeon (Columba livia). Am. J. Hyg.62:227-232.","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.8.1420-1433.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00443057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.e66"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.832-838.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500160785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"227","volume":"78","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hasenclever, H. F., and C. W. Emmons. 1963. The prevalence and mouse virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from urban areas. Am. J. Hyg.78:227-231.","journal-title":"Am. J. 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