{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:28:55Z","timestamp":1772893735029,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>\n            infection causes increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent apoptosis of alveolar macrophages (Am\u00f8). Assessments of key prosurvival molecules in Am\u00f8 and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from infected rats and mice showed low levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and reduced activation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K). Ubiquitous calcium-sensing protein calmodulin protein and mRNA levels were also reduced in Am\u00f8 during\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>\n            pneumonia (Pcp). Calmodulin has been implicated in control of GM-CSF production and PI-3K activation in other immune cell types. Experiments to determine the control of GM-CSF and PI-3K by calmodulin in Am\u00f8 showed that GM-CSF expression and PI-3K activation could not be induced when calmodulin was inhibited. Calmodulin inhibition also led to increased levels of ROS and apoptosis in cells exposed to bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from infected animals. Supplementation of Am\u00f8 with exogenous calmodulin increased survival signaling via GM-CSF and PI-3K and reduced ROS and apoptosis. These data support the hypotheses that calmodulin levels at least partially control survival signaling in Am\u00f8 and that restoration of GM-CSF or PI-3K signaling will improve host response to the organism.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00299-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T00:58:56Z","timestamp":1243904336000},"page":"3344-3354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Decreased Calmodulin Protein on the Survival Mechanisms of Alveolar Macrophages during\n            <i>Pneumocystis<\/i>\n            Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Lasbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Durant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Ping","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01045.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.16.8842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.115220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.6.1100-1102.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00517.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"L148","volume":"266","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blau, H., S. 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