{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:38:49Z","timestamp":1790419129390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            types C and D cause animal botulism by the production of serotype-specific or mosaic botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). The D\/C mosaic BoNT (BoNT\/DC), which is produced by the isolate from bovine botulism in Japan, exhibits the highest toxicity to mice among all BoNTs. In contrast, rats appeared to be very resistant to BoNT\/DC in type C and D BoNTs and their mosaic BoNTs. We attempted to characterize the enzymatic and receptor-binding activities of BoNT\/DC by comparison with those of type C and D BoNTs (BoNT\/C and BoNT\/D). BoNT\/DC and D showed similar toxic effects on cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) derived from the mouse, but the former showed less toxicity to rat CGCs. In recombinant murine-derived vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP), the enzymatic activities of both BoNTs to rat isoform 1 VAMP (VAMP1) were lower than those to the other VAMP homologues. We then examined the physiological significance of gangliosides as the binding components for types C and D, and mosaic BoNTs. BoNT\/DC and C were found to cleave an intracellular substrate of PC12 cells upon the exogenous addition of GM1a and GT1b gangliosides, respectively, suggesting that each BoNT recognizes a different ganglioside moiety. The effect of BoNT\/DC on glutamate release from CGCs was prevented by cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) but not by a site-directed mutant of CTB that did not bind to GM1a. Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells appeared to be more sensitive to BoNT\/DC than to BoNT\/C and D. These results suggest that a unique mechanism of receptor binding of BoNT\/DC may differentially regulate its biological activities in animals.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00302-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]],"date-time":"2012-06-05T10:08:47Z","timestamp":1338890927000},"page":"2886-2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Unique Biological Activity of Botulinum D\/C Mosaic Neurotoxin in Murine Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Keiji","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Kohda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Information and Communication Sciences, Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Tsukamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Arimitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsunori","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Information and Communication Sciences, Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Mukamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Sasakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Information and Communication Sciences, Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunji","family":"Kozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.5.3231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2009.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.027391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800611200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5272-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/11.7.577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9002138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.6.1692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)00216-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08166.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.254086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-01-00137.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.201939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(01)00190-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(96)00006-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34087-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)01471-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490010106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-006-0068-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed LJ","year":"1938","unstructured":"ReedLJMuenchH. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27:493\u2013497.","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-3975-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359832a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80452-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/364827a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi100412v"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362318a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7347-022305R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M507596200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99941-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0635898100"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00302-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00302-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T12:16:23Z","timestamp":1646482583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00302-12"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"S. R.","family":"Blanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00302-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00302-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-03-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-05-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-07-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}