{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:00:17Z","timestamp":1785423617735,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2218079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2218079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The nematode\n Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n has emerged as a popular model system to investigate cell biology and host-pathogen interactions. Presently,\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n is studied as a natural host of intracellular pathogens such as microsporidia and Orsay virus, along with extracellular bacterial and fungal pathogens. The use of\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n as a model in host-pathogen research is limited by the number of naturally occurring pathogens that infect this organism. Through a sampling project to identify new pathogens of\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n , we identified the fungus\n Mucor hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n as a pathogen of\n Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n species. We observed the fungus in the intestinal lumen of wild-caught\n Caenorhabditis briggsae,<\/jats:italic>\n and co-culturing the wild-caught species with infection reporter\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n confirmed infection by\n M. hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n . This study characterizes the fungal infection by\n M. hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n in\n Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n nematodes. Fluorescence microscopy with fungal staining revealed the life cycle of\n M. hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n within multiple\n Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n species at varying growth stages. We observed the killing of nematodes by\n M. hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n via intestinal perforation and assessed its host range through a series of lifespan assays. We investigated the food preference of\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n and determined that nematodes show a preference toward food that contains\n M. hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n sporangiospores. Last, we evaluated common\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n transcriptional immune responses and found that\n M. hiemalis<\/jats:italic>\n induces the expression of genes related to the intracellular pathogen response. Characterization of this fungal infection in\n Caenorhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n nematodes will provide new insights into the biology of pathogenic fungi and host immune responses.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00310-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:14:41Z","timestamp":1776262481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel infection by\n Mucor hiemalis<\/i>\n kills\n Caenorhabditis<\/i>\n hosts through intestinal perforation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0784-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania","place":["West Chester, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania","place":["West Chester, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0896-7932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica N.","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania","place":["West Chester, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00074705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01955"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.21.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07486-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2023.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232568599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02579-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2015\/15838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-10-59"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"430","article-title":"Adhesion of conidia of Drechmeria coniospora to Caenorhabditis elegans wild type and mutants","volume":"26","author":"Jansson HB","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jansson HB. 1994. 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