{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:16:18Z","timestamp":1785417378711,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023300","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006342","name":"Association Vaincre la Mucoviscidose","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mobile genetic elements play an essential part in the infectious process of major pathogens, yet the role of prophage dynamics in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogenesis is still not well understood. Here, we studied the impact of the \u03a613\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlb-<\/jats:italic>\n                      converting prophage, whose integration inactivates the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlb<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b2-toxin gene, on staphylococcal pathogenesis. We showed that prophage \u03a613 is lost in approximately half the bacterial population during the course of infection. Inactivation of the \u03a613\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">int<\/jats:italic>\n                      recombinase gene, essential for insertion\/excision, locked the prophage in the bacterial chromosome, leading to a significant loss of virulence in a murine systemic infection model. In contrast, the non-lysogen strain (\u0394\u03a613), where the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlb<\/jats:italic>\n                      beta-hemolysin gene is reconstituted, displayed strongly increased virulence. Accordingly, histopathological analyses revealed more severe nephritis in mice infected with bacteria lacking prophage \u03a613 (\u0394\u03a613), compared to infection with the parental strain. Infection with the \u2206\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">int<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant, where beta-hemolysin production is abolished, led to the least severe renal lesions. Cytokine induction in a human neutrophil model showed significantly increased IL-6 expression following infection with the beta-hemolysin producing strain (\u0394\u03a613). Our results indicate that timely\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      excision of the \u03a613 prophage is essential for progression of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      infectious process: early excision leads to rapid host death, whereas the inability to excise the prophage significantly reduces staphylococcal virulence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study highlights prophage \u03a613 excision as a critical factor in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        pathogenesis, influencing infection outcomes by balancing rapid host killing with reduced bacterial virulence. This mechanism may represent a bet-hedging strategy in genetic regulation, resulting in a mixed bacterial population capable of rapidly switching between two processes: bacterial colonization and host damage. Unraveling this dynamic opens new possibilities for developing targeted therapies to disrupt or modulate prophage activity, offering a novel approach to mitigating\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00314-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T14:13:55Z","timestamp":1756908835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Timely excision of prophage \u03a613 is essential for the\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    infectious 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