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Typhimurium strains designed to be used as live adjuvants. They possess diverse means to prevent persistence\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , survival if excreted, and to enhance the induction of innate immunity. In this study, we investigated whether SDAAS strains can be safely delivered to chicken embryos by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in ovo<\/jats:italic>\n                      inoculation without compromising hatchability or hatchling health. We then evaluated their growth in different media, sensitivity to complement-mediated killing, motility, serum agglutination, flagellar and LPS profiling, their ability to attach to and invade Int-407 cells, and the activation of different pattern recognition receptors displayed by HEK-Blue cells. We also determined whether these strains could induce protective immune responses in chicks following homologous challenge at day of hatch with a virulent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium strain by reducing intestinal colonization and organ invasion. Our findings demonstrate that SDAAS strains can be safely administered\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in ovo<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a dose-dependent manner. Family A strains exhibit strict requirements for 2,6-diaminopimelic acid and D-alanine, while Family B strains demonstrate absolute dependence on L-arabinose for growth in liquid and solid media. Adjuvant strains demonstrate increased activation of murine receptors NOD1, NOD2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR8, and TLR9 in HEK-Blue cells compared to the parent strain \u03c73761, despite having lower rates of cell adhesion to and invasion of Int-407 cells. Lastly, we observed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in ovo<\/jats:italic>\n                      administration of SDAAS strains reduced titers of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium recovered from birds as they became older, suggesting a time-dependent enhancement of protective immunity induced by SDAAS strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00318-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:35:12Z","timestamp":1791470112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-destructing attenuated adjuvant\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    strains: design, construction, characterization, and evaluation of safety and efficacy following\n                    <i>in ovo<\/i>\n                    inoculation of chicken 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