{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:16:11Z","timestamp":1782472571690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydiales<\/jats:named-content>\n            are an order of obligate intracellular bacteria sharing a developmental cycle inside a cytosolic vacuole, with very diverse natural hosts, from amoebae to mammals. The clinically most important species is\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Many uncertainties remain as to how\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            organizes its intracellular development and replication. The discovery of new\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydiales<\/jats:named-content>\n            species from other families permits the comparative analysis of cell-biological events and may indicate events that are common to all or peculiar to some species and more or less tightly linked to \u201cchlamydial\u201d development. We used this approach in the infection of human cells with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Waddlia chondrophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            , a species from the family\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Waddliaceae<\/jats:named-content>\n            whose natural host is uncertain. Compared to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">W. chondrophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            had slightly different growth characteristics, including faster cytotoxicity. The embedding in cytoskeletal structures was not as pronounced as for the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            inclusion.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection generates proteolytic activity by the protease\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            protease-like activity factor (CPAF), which degrades host substrates upon extraction; these substrates were not cleaved in the case of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">W. chondrophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Unlike\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">W. chondrophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            did not protect against staurosporine-induced apoptosis.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection causes Golgi apparatus fragmentation and redirects post-Golgi sphingomyelin transport to the inclusion; both were absent from\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">W. chondrophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            -infected cells. When host cells were infected with both species, growth of both species was reduced. This study highlights differences between bacterial species that both depend on obligate intracellular replication inside an inclusion. Some features seem principally dispensable for intracellular development of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydiales<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            but may be linked to host adaptation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and the higher virulence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00322-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T19:10:03Z","timestamp":1433963403000},"page":"3268-3280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["In Contrast to Chlamydia trachomatis, Waddlia chondrophila Grows in Human Cells without Inhibiting Apoptosis, Fragmenting the Golgi Apparatus, or Diverting Post-Golgi Sphingomyelin Transport"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Dille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Kleinschnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins Waguia","family":"Kontchou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"N\u00f6lke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 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