{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T13:06:53Z","timestamp":1759410413167},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Cellular immune responses against protective antigen (PA) of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            in subjects that received the anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) vaccine were examined. Multiple CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T-cell epitopes within PA were identified by using tetramer-guided epitope mapping. PA-reactive CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells with a CD45RA\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            phenotype were also detected by direct ex vivo staining of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with PA-specific tetramers. Surprisingly, PA-specific T cells were also detected in PBMC of nonvaccinees after a single cycle of in vitro PA stimulation. However, PA-reactive CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells in nonvaccinees occurred at lower frequencies than those in vaccinees. The majority of PA-reactive T cells from nonvaccinees were CD45RA\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            and exhibited a Th0\/Th1 cytokine profile. In contrast, phenotyping and cytokine profile analyses of PA-reactive CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells from vaccinees indicated that vaccination leads to commitment of PA-reactive T cells to a Th2 lineage, including generation of PA-specific, pre-Th2 central memory T cells. These results demonstrate that the current AVA vaccine is effective in skewing the development of PA CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells to the Th2 lineage. The data also demonstrated the feasibility of using class II tetramers to analyze CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            cell responses and lineage development after vaccination.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00324-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,5]],"date-time":"2008-08-05T00:40:04Z","timestamp":1217896804000},"page":"4538-4545","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Vaccine Generates Protective Antigen (PA)-Specific CD4\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            T Cells with a Phenotype Distinct from That of Nai\u0308ve PA T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"William W.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave., Seattle, Washington 98101"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 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98101"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Wiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Roti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave., Seattle, Washington 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