{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:41:25Z","timestamp":1779936085514,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACYT","award":["155892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["155892"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Nocardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species, particularly\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Nocardia brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , are etiologic agents of mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection. Until now, little has been known about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in nocardial infection. Traditionally, subculture in rich media has been a simple way to induce attenuation. In this work, we report the changes in virulence toward mice and in genomic constitution of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            produced after 200 continuous subcultures in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium (P-200 strain). The ability of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            P-200 strain to produce experimental infection was tested using BALB\/c mice. P-200 was also used to immunize mice to determine whether it could induce resistance against a challenge with a nonsubcultured isolate (P-0). Comparative proteomic analysis between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            P-0 and P-200 was performed by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis, and the genome sequence was obtained through Roche 454 sequence analysis. Virulence in BALB\/c mice was completely lost, and BALB\/c mice immunized with P-200 bacterial cells were resistant to mycetoma production by the nonsubcultured strain. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that P-200 lost a total of 262,913 bp distributed in 19 deleted regions, involving a total of 213 open reading frames (ORFs). The deleted genes included those encoding bacterial virulence factors, e.g., catalase, nitrate reductase enzymes, and a group of mammalian cell entry (MCE) family proteins, which may explain the loss of virulence of the isolate. Thus, completely attenuated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was obtained after 200 passages in BHI medium, and putative\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Nocardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            virulence genes were identified for the first time.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00329-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T16:26:03Z","timestamp":1467217563000},"page":"2595-2606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genomic Changes Associated with the Loss of Nocardia brasiliensis Virulence in Mice after 200\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Passages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Gonzalez-Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Dermatol\u00f3gica, Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Millan-Sauceda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Dermatol\u00f3gica, Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector Gerardo","family":"Lozano-Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Dermatol\u00f3gica, Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Ortiz-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Medicina Molecular, Monterrey, Mexico"},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Elizondo-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliverio","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Dermatol\u00f3gica, Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ocampo-Candiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Dermatol\u00f3gica, Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Vera-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n Dermatol\u00f3gica, Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario, U.A.N.L., Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"586","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology of mycetoma in Mexico. 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