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To characterize the role of biofilms in equine endometritis, six mares were inoculated with<jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>-engineered<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>strains isolated from equine uterine infections. Following establishment of infection, the horses were euthanized and the endometrial surfaces were imaged for luminescence to localize adherent<jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>-labeled bacteria. Samples from the endometrium were collected for cytology, histopathology, carbohydrate analysis, and expression of inflammatory cytokine genes. Tissue-adherent bacteria were present in focal areas between endometrial folds (6\/6 mares). The Pel exopolysaccharide (biofilm matrix component) and cyclic di-GMP (biofilm-regulatory molecule) were detected in 6\/6 mares and 5\/6 mares, respectively, from endometrial samples with tissue-adherent bacteria (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). A greater incidence (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) of Pel exopolysaccharide was present in samples fixed with Bouin's solution (18\/18) than in buffered formalin (0\/18), indicating that Bouin's solution is more appropriate for detecting bacteria adherent to the endometrium. There were no differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05) in the number of inflammatory cells in the endometrium between areas with and without tissue-adherent bacteria. Neutrophils were decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) in areas surrounding tissue-adherent bacteria compared to those in areas free of adherent bacteria. Gene expression of interleukin-10, an immune-modulatory cytokine, was significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) increased in areas of tissue-adherent bacteria compared to that in endometrium absent of biofilm. These findings indicate that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>produces a biofilm in the uterus and that the host immune response is modulated focally around areas with biofilm, but inflammation within the tissue is similar in areas with and without biofilm matrix. Future studies will focus on therapeutic options for elimination of bacterial biofilm in the equine uterus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00332-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T00:30:23Z","timestamp":1506990623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Model of Chronic Equine Endometritis Involving a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Ryan A.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"McCue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace I.","family":"Borlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina E.","family":"Glapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin H.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihnea R.","family":"Mangalea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo L.","family":"Hennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey D.","family":"Broeckling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley R.","family":"Borlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.010.1745","article-title":"Medical problems of adult horses, as ranked by equine practitioners","volume":"198","author":"Traub-Dargatz JL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Traub-Dargatz JL Salman MD Voss JL . 1991. 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