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To define the inflammatory response at the parasite inoculation site, we introduced metacyclic<jats:italic>L. infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic>promastigotes intradermally into BALB\/c mouse ears and studied inflammatory cells over 7 days. Ly6G<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils rapidly infiltrated the dermis, peaking after 6 to 24 h. Macrophages and NK cells next infiltrated the dermis, and NK followed by B cells expanded in draining lymph nodes. Parasite-containing phagocytes were tracked with fluorescent mCherry-labeled<jats:italic>L. infantum chagasi.<\/jats:italic>Ly6G<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>neutrophils contained the greatest proportion of intracellular parasites 6 to 24 h after inoculation, whereas dermal macrophages harbored the majority of intracellular parasites after 2 to 7 days. These observations were validated microscopically. Low doses of antibody transiently depleted mice of neutrophils, leaving other cells intact. Combined results of<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>imaging, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR showed that neutrophil depletion slowed the clearance of extracellular (luciferase-positive) promastigotes during the first 24 h after inoculation yet decreased the numbers of leukocytes containing intracellular (mCherry-positive) parasites. From 3 days onward, total<jats:italic>L. infantum chagasi-<\/jats:italic>containing dermal leukocytes and total<jats:italic>L. infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic>parasites in draining lymph nodes were similar in both groups. Nonetheless, a second wave of<jats:italic>L. infantum chagasi-<\/jats:italic>containing neutrophils occurred 7 days after parasite inoculation into neutrophil-depleted mice, corresponding to the time of neutrophil recovery. Thus, neutrophils were recruited to the dermis even late after inoculation, and<jats:italic>L. infantum chagasi<\/jats:italic>trafficked through neutrophils in both neutrophil-depleted and control mice, albeit with different kinetics. Recruitment of neutrophils and transient parasite residence in neutrophils may play a role in nonulcerative forms of leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00338-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,12]],"date-time":"2010-10-12T04:59:31Z","timestamp":1286859571000},"page":"108-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Leukocytes Infiltrate the Skin and Draining Lymph Nodes in Response to the Protozoan<i>Leishmania infantum chagasi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Thalhofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"},{"name":"The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayan","family":"Sudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Love-Homan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"},{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"},{"name":"Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"},{"name":"Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"},{"name":"The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.401-410.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900655106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3279142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"2121","volume":"194","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bogdan, C., N. 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