{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:53:39Z","timestamp":1791251619883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"MOH | National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is one of the most common eukaryotic organisms found in humans and many types of animals. Several reports have identified its role in gastrointestinal disorders, although its pathogenicity is yet to be clarified.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is transmitted via the fecal-to-oral route and colonizes the large intestines. Epithelial cells lining the intestine secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including beta-defensins and cathelicidin, as a response to infection. This study explores the effects of host colonic antimicrobial peptides, particularly LL-37, a fragment of cathelicidin, on different\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            subtypes.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is composed of several subtypes that have genetic, metabolic, and biological differences. These subtypes also have various outcomes in terms of drug treatment and immune response. In this study,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from three different subtypes were found to induce intestinal epithelial cells to secrete LL-37. We also show that among the antimicrobial peptides tested, only LL-37 has broad activity on all the subtypes. LL-37 causes membrane disruption and causes\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            to change shape.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            subtype 7 (ST7), however, showed relative resistance to LL-37. An isolate, ST7 isolate B (ST7-B), from this subtype releases proteases that can degrade the peptide. It also makes the environment acidic, which causes attenuation of LL-37 activity. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ST7-B isolate was also observed to have a thicker surface coat, which may protect the parasite from direct killing by LL-37. This study determined the effects of LL-37 on different\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates and indicates that AMPs have significant roles in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00339-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T03:23:29Z","timestamp":1464060209000},"page":"2220-2232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Blastocystis Isolate B Exhibits Multiple Modes of Resistance against Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"John Anthony","family":"Yason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitara Swarna Rao","family":"Ajjampur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Shyong Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407706-5.00001-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1203-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05632-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0403147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138945012802002393"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.303602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0808-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.348-355.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"411","article-title":"Surface charge of Trypanosoma cruzi. 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