{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:54:55Z","timestamp":1783392895987,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Sardegna","award":["LR72012MATTANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR72012MATTANA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Free-living amoebae of the genus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            can cause severe and chronic infections in humans, mainly localized in immune privileged sites, such as the brain and the eye. Monocytes\/macrophages are thought to be involved in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections, but little is known about how these facultative parasites influence their functions. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            on human monocytes\/macrophages during the early phase of infection. Here, THP-1 cells, primary human monocytes isolated from peripheral blood, and human monocyte-derived macrophages were either coincubated with trophozoites of a clinical isolate of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            (genotype T4) or stimulated with amoeba-derived cell-free conditioned medium. Production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-\u03b1], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and IL-12), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and chemokine (IL-8) was evaluated at specific hours poststimulation (ranging from 1.5 h to 23 h). We showed that both\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            trophozoites and soluble amoebic products induce an early anti-inflammatory monocyte-macrophage phenotype, characterized by significant production of IL-10; furthermore, challenge with either trophozoites or their soluble metabolites stimulate both proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine production, suggesting that this protozoan infection results from the early induction of coexisting, opposed immune responses. Results reported in this paper confirm that the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by monocytes and macrophages can play a role in the development of the inflammatory response during\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            stimulates IL-10 production in human innate immune cells, which might both promote the immune evasion of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            and limit the induced inflammatory response.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00345-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1470107113000},"page":"2953-2962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Acanthamoeba castellanii Genotype T4 Stimulates the Production of Interleukin-10 as Well as Proinflammatory Cytokines in THP-1 Cells, Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, and Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Mattana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy &amp; Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Delogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Erre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig W.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy &amp; Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona L.","family":"Henriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBEHR, School of Science &amp; Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Cappuccinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00023.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2012.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0682-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.03.2011.3954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2010.01151.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9291-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2011.00612.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00047-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01076.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"1271","article-title":"The role of macrophages in Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"37","author":"Van Klink F","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van Klink F, Taylor WM, Alizadeh H, Jager MJ, Van Rooijen N, Niederkorn JY. 1996. 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