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The intramuscular immunization regimen was first used to evaluate 106 chlamydial antigens, which revealed that two antigens significantly reduced while 11 increased genital chlamydial burden. The two infection-reducing antigens failed to prevent pathology and 23 additional antigens even exacerbated pathology. Thus, intranasal mucosal immunization was tested next since intranasal inoculation with live\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevented both genital infection and pathology. Two of the 29 chlamydial antigens evaluated were found to prevent genital infection but not pathology and three exacerbate pathology. To further improve protection efficacy, a combinational regimen (intranasal priming + intramuscular boosting + a third intraperitoneal\/subcutaneous boost) was tested. This regimen identified four infection-reducing antigens, but only one of them prevented pathology. Unfortunately, this protective antigen was not advanced further due to its amino acid sequence homology with several human molecules. Two pathology-exacerbating antigens were also found. Nevertheless, intranasal mucosal priming with viable\n                    <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in control groups consistently prevented both genital infection and pathology regardless of the subsequent boosters. Thus, screening 140 different chlamydial antigens with 21 repeated multiple times in 17 experiments failed to identify a subunit vaccine candidate but demonstrated the superiority of viable chlamydial organisms in inducing immunity against both genital infection and pathology, laying the foundation for developing a live-attenuated Chlamydia vaccine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00349-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1698397243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Preclinical screen for protection efficacy of chlamydial antigens that are immunogenic in humans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Chunxue","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China , Hengyang, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7053-5009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"CDC\n. 2020. 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