{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:57:33Z","timestamp":1793318253468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"LSU Health Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54GM104940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM104940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by\n              <jats:italic>Candida albicans,<\/jats:italic>\n              is characterized by aberrant inflammation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the vaginal lumen. Data from the established murine model shows that despite potent antifungal properties, PMNs fail to clear\n              <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              due to local heparan sulfate that inhibits the interaction between PMNs and\n              <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              , resulting in chronic vaginal immunopathology. To understand the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in defense against\n              <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              at the vaginal mucosa, we investigated the NET-forming capacity of PMNs in chronic VVC-susceptible (CVVC-S\/C3H) and -resistant (CVVC-R\/CD-1) mouse strains. Immunofluorescence revealed the formation of NETs (release of DNA with PMN-derived antimicrobial proteins) in PMN\n              <jats:italic>\u2013C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              cocultures using vaginal conditioned medium (VCM) generated from CVVC-R\/CD-1 mice, similar to NET-inducing positive controls. Under these NETotic conditions, PMNs released high levels of double-stranded DNA bound with NET-associated proteins, concomitant with substantial\n              <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              killing activity. In contrast, PMN\n              <jats:italic>\u2013C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              cocultures in VCM from CVVC-S\/C3H mice lacked NET formation together with reduced antifungal activity. Similar results were observed\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              : active NET\n              <jats:italic>\u2013C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              interaction followed by fungal clearance in inoculated CVVC-R\/CD-1 mice, and sustained high vaginal fungal burden and no evidence of NETs in inoculated CVVC-S\/C3H mice. Furthermore, the level of Ki67 expression, a putative NETotic PMN marker, was significantly reduced in vaginal lavage fluid from CVVC-S\/C3H mice compared to CVVC-R\/CD-1 mice. Finally, scanning electron microscopy revealed that PMNs in CVVC-R, but not CVVC-S, conditions exhibited NETs in direct contact with\n              <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              hyphae\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              . These results suggest that VVC-associated immunopathology includes impaired NET-mediated antifungal activity.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00350-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T14:04:59Z","timestamp":1706623499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Impaired neutrophil extracellular trap-forming capacity contributes to susceptibility to chronic vaginitis in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Junko","family":"Yano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-5763","authenticated-orcid":true,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Paul 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