{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1791899269786,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (SA) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PA) are ESKAPE pathogens that are responsible for severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), particularly in the elderly and those with immunocompromising conditions. Rising rates of methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant PA have rendered standard antibiotics less effective. Unfortunately, there are currently no licensed vaccines for either pathogen. To address this need, we developed a bivalent intranasal (IN) vaccine formulation combining L-PaF, a fusion of PA T3SS proteins PcrV and PopB, with the mucosal adjuvant LTA1, NEAT2 (N2), the protective heme-transporting domain of SA IsdB protein, and a novel TLR-4 agonist, which is a detoxified lipid A analog designated Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry 438 (BECC438b), formulated in an oil-in-water medImmune emulsion (ME). Mice immunized with L-PaF\/ME\/N2\/BECC438b generated robust antigen-specific IgG and IgA responses, which correlated with strong opsonophagocytic killing of both MRSA and PA strains. Vaccination also induced interleukin IL-17A, IL-2, and IL-22 responses in spleen cells from both young and elderly mice, supporting Th1\/Th17-mediated immunity. In stringent murine SSTI models, immunized animals exhibited significantly reduced dermonecrosis, abscess volume, and bacterial burden, with approximately a 10-fold reduction in abscess CFUs compared to non-immunized controls. Notably, significant protection was observed in both young and elderly mice despite age-related immunosenescence, with elderly vaccinated animals showing substantially reduced abscess formation and bacterial burden relative to non-immunized controls. These results suggest that the bivalent L-PaF\/ME\/N2\/BECC438b formulation has potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine against both MRSA- and PA-mediated SSTIs across different age groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00355-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:18:04Z","timestamp":1790255884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An intranasal bivalent vaccine induces antigen-specific humoral and Th1\/Th17 cellular immunity and protects young and aged mice against MRSA and\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    skin and soft tissue infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0530-8704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suhrid","family":"Maiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ymw8z06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ymw8z06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathobiology & Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-3223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ti","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ymw8z06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, 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