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Studies probing the inflammatory response to colonization with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>hyphae have been hampered by the lack of a model of chronic colonization in immunocompetent mice. By infecting mice intratracheally with conidia embedded in agar beads (Af beads), we have established an<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>model to study the natural history of airway colonization with live<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>hyphae. Histopathological examination and galactomannan assay of lung homogenates demonstrated that hyphae exited beads and persisted in the lungs of mice up to 28 days postinfection without invasive disease. Fungal lesions within the airways were surrounded by a robust neutrophilic inflammatory reaction and peribronchial infiltration of lymphocytes. Whole-lung cytokine analysis from Af bead-infected mice revealed an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines early in infection. Evidence of a Th2 type response was observed only early in the course of colonization, including increased levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), elevated IgE levels in serum, and a mild increase in airway responsiveness. Pulmonary T cell subset analysis during infection mirrored these results with an initial transient increase in IL-4-producing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, followed by a rise in IL-17 and Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells by day 14. These results provide the first report of the evolution of the immune response to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>hyphal colonization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00359-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T02:15:54Z","timestamp":1435630554000},"page":"3590-3600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Evolution of the Immune Response to Chronic Airway Colonization with Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Urb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan D.","family":"Snarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and 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