{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:17:08Z","timestamp":1789877828224,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021518","name":"Perry Cross Spinal Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021518","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1020394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1020394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP150104495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP150104495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Infection with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            causes melioidosis, a disease with a high mortality rate (20% in Australia and 40% in Southeast Asia). Neurological melioidosis is particularly prevalent in northern Australian patients and involves brain stem infection, which can progress to the spinal cord; however, the route by which the bacteria invade the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. We have previously demonstrated that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            can infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves within the nasal cavity following intranasal inoculation. As the trigeminal nerve projects into the brain stem, we investigated whether the bacteria could continue along this nerve to penetrate the CNS. After intranasal inoculation of mice,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            caused low-level localized infection within the nasal cavity epithelium, prior to invasion of the trigeminal nerve in small numbers.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            rapidly invaded the trigeminal nerve and crossed the astrocytic barrier to enter the brain stem within 24 h and then rapidly progressed over 2,000 \u03bcm into the spinal cord. To rule out that the bacteria used a hematogenous route, we used a capsule-deficient mutant of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            that does not survive in the blood and found that it also entered the CNS via the trigeminal nerve. This suggests that the primary route of entry is via the nerves that innervate the nasal cavity. We found that actin-mediated motility could facilitate initial infection of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, we have demonstrated that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            can rapidly infect the brain and spinal cord via the trigeminal nerve branches that innervate the nasal cavity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00361-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]],"date-time":"2016-07-06T02:28:56Z","timestamp":1467772136000},"page":"2681-2688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Burkholderia pseudomallei Rapidly Infects the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord via the Trigeminal Nerve after Intranasal Inoculation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"St. John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Walkden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Nazareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Beagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9638-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen C.","family":"Ulett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Batzloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifor R.","family":"Beacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A. K.","family":"Ekberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"192","article-title":"Encephalitis in Australia, 1979\u20132006: trends and aetiologies","volume":"33","author":"Huppatz C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huppatz C, Kelly PM, Levi C, Dalton C, Williams D, Durrheim DN. 2009. Encephalitis in Australia, 1979\u20132006: trends and aetiologies. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 33:192\u2013197.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00025-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235844100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00118-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030635-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199305000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.1093-1100.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.584-640.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13374-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90299-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00064-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.1.163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-11-993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403302101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.2.972-980.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.2.1106-1115.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04528.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.7.2116-2125.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"195","article-title":"The neuropathology of melioidosis: two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Koszyca B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koszyca B, Currie BJ, Blumbergs PC. 2004. The neuropathology of melioidosis: two cases and a review of the literature. Clin Neuropathol 23:195\u2013203.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00368-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00159-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1997.0179"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00361-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00361-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T10:26:52Z","timestamp":1646476012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00361-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"G. H.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00361-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00361-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-06-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}