{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:47:17Z","timestamp":1791092837546,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3)-dependent innate immune response operates against the intestinal parasite<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>in T- and B-cell-deficient SCID mice. Although NK cells are a major source of IFN-\u03b3 in innate immunity, their protective role against<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>has been unclear. The role of NK cells in innate immunity was investigated using Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice, which lack T and B cells, and Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u03b3<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice, which, in addition, lack NK cells. Adult mice of both knockout lines developed progressive chronic infections; however, on most days the level of oocyst excretion was higher in Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u03b3<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice and these animals developed morbidity and died, whereas within the same period the Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice appeared healthy. Neonatal mice of both mouse lines survived a rapid onset of infection that reached a higher intensity in Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u03b3<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice. Significantly, similar levels of intestinal IFN-\u03b3 mRNA were expressed in Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>and Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u03b3<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice. Also, infections in each mouse line were exacerbated by treatment with anti-IFN-\u03b3 neutralizing antibodies. These results support a protective role for NK cells and IFN-\u03b3 in innate immunity against<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>. In addition, the study implies that an intestinal cell type other than NK cells may be an important source of IFN-\u03b3 during infection and that NK cells may have an IFN-\u03b3-independent protective role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00377-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,18]],"date-time":"2009-08-18T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1250560130000},"page":"5044-5049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Roles for NK Cells and an NK Cell-Independent Source of Intestinal Gamma Interferon for Innate Immunity to<i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Farah M.","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Centre for Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Centre for Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Di Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Korbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Centre for Gastroenterology, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.2.697-699.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"813","volume":"85","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blanshard, C., A. 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