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To survey the antibody-mediated immune response and identify those proteins that are immunogenic in an\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilm infection, the tibias of rabbits were infected with methicillin-resistant\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            to produce chronic osteomyelitis. Sera were collected prior to infection and at 14, 28, and 42 days postinfection. The sera were used to perform Western blot assays on total protein from biofilm grown in vitro and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Those proteins recognized by host antibodies in the harvested sera were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis. Using protein from mechanically disrupted total and fractionated biofilm protein samples, we identified 26 and 22 immunogens, respectively. These included a cell surface-associated \u03b2-lactamase, lipoprotein, lipase, autolysin, and an ABC transporter lipoprotein. Studies were also performed using microarray analyses and confirmed the biofilm-specific up-regulation of most of these genes. Therefore, although the biofilm antigens are recognized by the immune system, the biofilm infection can persist. However, these proteins, when delivered as vaccines, may be important in directing the immune system toward an early and effective antibody-mediated response to prevent chronic\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            infections. Previous works have identified\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            proteins that are immunogenic during acute infections, such as sepsis. However, this is the first work to identify these immunogens during chronic\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilm infections and to simultaneously show the global relationship between the antigens expressed during an in vivo infection and the corresponding in vitro transcriptomic and proteomic gene expression levels.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00392-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,19]],"date-time":"2006-05-19T23:52:41Z","timestamp":1148082761000},"page":"3415-3426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Identification of\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n            Proteins Recognized by the Antibody-Mediated Immune Response to a Biofilm Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland\u2014Baltimore, School of Medicine, 660 W. 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