{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:55:32Z","timestamp":1793678132892,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The human immune system employs both innate and adaptive mechanisms to control pathogens, with antibodies playing a pivotal role in immune memory and defense, in particular against viral infections. In tuberculosis, antibody titers have long been used to assess immune responses, but their presence alone fails to predict protective efficacy. Recent studies highlight that antibody functionality is critical for effective immune activity. Despite widespread detection of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Mtb)-reactive antibodies in individuals with active disease,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, and even in healthy controls, their potential to control\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth is variable and only detected in a proportion of individuals. This perspective emphasizes the need for robust functional assessment of antibodies to better understand their role in mycobacterial control and inform vaccine development. Notably, antibodies binding to purified protein derivative of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a mixture of degraded antigens from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultures, are widespread but not universally functional, underscoring the importance of Fc characteristics and epitope specificity. Initial high-throughput screening using phagocytosis and direct mycobacterial binding assays is an active indicator of antibody function. By refining and combining existing assays, as recommended in this perspective, we can better characterize antibody contributions, particularly their immunomodulatory potential, toward improved control of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Albeit antibodies may not be essential in natural protection, functional antibodies induced by vaccination may be of added value and contribute to host protection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00394-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:22:51Z","timestamp":1769008971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antibodies in tuberculosis: functional capacity as key determinant"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-9805","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krista E.","family":"van Meijgaarden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xvt9f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center","place":["Leiden, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine","place":["Pittsburgh, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia T.","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04mhzgx49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Achkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lindenstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0417ye583","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)","place":["Rockville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/014ye1258","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University","place":["Newark, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn G.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Infection Immunology Laboratory, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-3403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom H. M.","family":"Ottenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xvt9f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center","place":["Leiden, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone A.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xvt9f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center","place":["Leiden, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of CTVD B cell group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.640168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"The human blood N-glycome: unraveling disease glycosylation patterns","author":"Pongracz T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pongracz T, Mayboroda OA, Wuhrer M. 2024. The human blood N-glycome: unraveling disease glycosylation patterns. JACS Au."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2024. Global tuberculosis report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.167960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611776114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20930-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0962-8479(97)90006-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-845.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01476-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-016-0133-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06282-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/527395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"706","article-title":"An IgG antibody response to the antigen 85 complex is associated with good outcome in Mexican Totonaca Indians with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez C","year":"2002","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez C, Estrada-Ch\u00e1vez C, Garc\u00eda-Vigil J, Laredo-S\u00e1nchez F, Halabe-Cherem J, Pereira-Su\u00e1rez A, Mancilla R. 2002. An IgG antibody response to the antigen 85 complex is associated with good outcome in Mexican Totonaca Indians with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6:706\u2013712.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.065953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.856906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqab015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.4.662-668.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01978.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.679973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01066-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1817-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0319-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.729186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01777-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk6745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2025.101964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0441-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2019.126392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.110067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouzeyen R Sithole N Watson A Abramovitz L Rakayev K Fillion A Dickson T MacAry PA Darrah PA Seder RA Freund NT Javid B. 2025. Early antibody-mediated immunity to tuberculosis in mice requires NLRP3. bioRxiv:2025.07.18.665318. doi:10.1101\/2025.07.18.665318","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.18.665318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1301183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00142-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.07.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.51640.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44252-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.11.6521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.624025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","unstructured":"TBVI - knowlegde exchange. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/tbvi.eu\/home\/knowledgeexchange"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/iai.00394-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/iai.00394-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T14:01:36Z","timestamp":1770732096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/iai.00394-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kirk D. C.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/iai.00394-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00394-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00394-25"}}