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Further complicating treatment,\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      produces numerous virulence factors that contribute to host tissue damage and immune evasion, promoting bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of rhamnolipid production in host-pathogen interactions. Secreted rhamnolipids form micelles that exhibited highly acute toxicity toward murine macrophages, rupturing the plasma membrane and causing organellar membrane damage within minutes of exposure. While rhamnolipid micelles (RMs) were particularly toxic to macrophages, they also caused membrane damage in human lung epithelial cells, red blood cells, Gram-positive bacteria, and even noncellular models like giant plasma membrane vesicles. Most importantly, rhamnolipid production strongly correlated with\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence against murine macrophages in various panels of clinical isolates. Altogether, our findings suggest that rhamnolipid micelles are highly cytotoxic virulence factors that drive acute cellular damage and immune evasion during\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00407-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T09:07:36Z","timestamp":1708679256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cytotoxic rhamnolipid micelles drive acute virulence in\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5314-0961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donghoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Citrupa","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-0860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Schertzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1537-4967","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalia V.","family":"Kirienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92220-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00939-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"728","article-title":"Functional importance of cystic fibrosis immunoglobulin G fragments generated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase","volume":"114","author":"Bainbridge T","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bainbridge T, Fick RB. 1989. 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