{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:23:09Z","timestamp":1792718589365,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (group B streptococcus [GBS]) colonizes the rectovaginal tract in 20% to 30% of women and during pregnancy can be transmitted to the newborn, causing severe invasive disease. Current routine screening and antibiotic prophylaxis have fallen short of complete prevention of GBS transmission, and GBS remains a leading cause of neonatal infection. We have investigated the ability of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus salivarius<\/jats:named-content>\n            , a predominant member of the native human oral microbiota, to control GBS colonization. Comparison of the antibacterial activities of multiple\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. salivarius<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains by use of a deferred-antagonism test showed that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. salivarius<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain K12 exhibited the broadest spectrum of activity against GBS. K12 effectively inhibited all GBS strains tested, including disease-implicated isolates from newborns and colonizing isolates from the vaginal tract of pregnant women. Inhibition was dependent on the presence of megaplasmid pSsal-K12, which encodes the bacteriocins salivaricin A and salivaricin B; however, in coculture experiments, GBS growth was impeded by K12 independently of the megaplasmid. We also demonstrated that K12 adheres to and invades human vaginal epithelial cells at levels comparable to GBS. Inhibitory activity of K12 was examined\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            using a mouse model of GBS vaginal colonization. Mice colonized with GBS were treated vaginally with K12. K12 administration significantly reduced GBS vaginal colonization in comparison to nontreated controls, and this effect was partially dependent on the K12 megaplasmid. Our results suggest that K12 may have potential as a preventative therapy to control GBS vaginal colonization and thereby prevent its transmission to the neonate during pregnancy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00409-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T02:06:42Z","timestamp":1434420402000},"page":"3438-3444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Streptococcus salivarius K12 Limits Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Patras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Wescombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLIS Technologies Ltd., Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"R\u00f6sler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLIS Technologies Ltd., Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Tagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLIS Technologies Ltd., Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"Doran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease\u2014revised guidelines from CDC, 2010","author":"Verani JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ. 2010. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease\u2014revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recommend Rep 59(RR-10):1\u201336.","journal-title":"MMWR Recommend Rep 59(RR-10)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Dynamics of colonization with group B streptococci in relation to normal flora in women during subsequent trimesters of pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Brzychczy-Wloch M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brzychczy-Wloch M, Pabian W, Majewska E, Zuk MG, Kielbik J, Gosiewski T, Bulanda MG. 2014. Dynamics of colonization with group B streptococci in relation to normal flora in women during subsequent trimesters of pregnancy. New Microbiol 37:307\u2013319.","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"6051","article-title":"Influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group B Streptococcus on the early newborn gut composition and evaluation of the anti-Streptococcus activity of Bifidobacterium strains","volume":"98","author":"Aloisio I","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aloisio I, Mazzola G, Corvaglia LT, Tonti G, Faldella G, Biavati B, Di Gioia D. 2014. Influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group B Streptococcus on the early newborn gut composition and evaluation of the anti-Streptococcus activity of Bifidobacterium strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:6051\u20136060.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.069401-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01268-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.06.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-006-9081-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06001-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.4.847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02265-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00094-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-002-0190-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600578357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00188-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.6.1156-1160.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Fermentation of milk by Streptococcus salivarius subspecies salivarius and Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus and their use to the yoghurt manufacturer","volume":"59","author":"Marshall VM","year":"1985","unstructured":"Marshall VM, Cole WM, Phillips BA. 1985. Fermentation of milk by Streptococcus salivarius subspecies salivarius and Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus and their use to the yoghurt manufacturer. J Appl Microbiol 59:147\u2013151.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000439"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00409-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.00409-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1646474857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.00409-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"A.","family":"Camilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.00409-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00409-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}