{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:40:30Z","timestamp":1790620830620,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 A138446-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 A138446-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI105168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI105168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the least understood aspects of the bacterium<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>(pneumococcus) is its transmission from host to host, the critical first step in both the carrier state and the disease state. To date, transmission models have depended on influenza A virus coinfection, which greatly enhances pneumococcal shedding to levels that allow acquisition by a new host. Here, we describe an infant mouse model that can be utilized to study pneumococcal colonization, shedding, and transmission during bacterial monoinfection. Using this model, we demonstrated that the level of bacterial shedding is highest in pups infected intranasally at age 4 days and peaks over the first 4 days postchallenge. Shedding results differed among isolates of five different pneumococcal types. Colonization density was found to be a major factor in the level of pneumococcal shedding and required expression of capsule. Transmission within a litter occurred when there was a high ratio of colonized \u201cindex\u201d pups to uncolonized \u201ccontact\u201d pups. Transmission was observed for each of the well-colonizing pneumococcal isolates, with the rate of transmission proportional to the level of shedding. This model can be used to examine bacterial and host factors that contribute to pneumococcal transmission without the effects of viral coinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00416-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T10:43:18Z","timestamp":1468320198000},"page":"2714-2722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Infant Mouse Model for the Study of Shedding and Transmission during Streptococcus pneumoniae Monoinfection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"M. Ammar","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masamitsu","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tsing Hua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonia","family":"Zangari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021771"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104209"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Epidemic pneumococcal pneumonia; pneumococcal carrier studies","volume":"44","author":"Hodges RG","year":"1946","unstructured":"Hodges RG, MacLeod CM, Bernhard WG. 1946. Epidemic pneumococcal pneumonia; pneumococcal carrier studies. Am J Hyg 44:207\u2013230.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31827687fc"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004339"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"62","article-title":"Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families. II","volume":"132","author":"Gwaltney JM","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gwaltney JM, Jr, Sande MA, Austrian R, Hendley JO. 1975. Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families. II. Relation of transfer of S. pneumoniae to incidence of colds and serum antibody. J Infect Dis 132:62\u201368.","journal-title":"Relation of transfer of S. pneumoniae to incidence of colds and serum antibody. 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Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: III. An improved method for the isolation of the transforming substance and its application to pneumococcus types II, III and VI. J Exp Med 83:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"An improved method for the isolation of the transforming substance and its application to pneumococcus types II, III and VI. J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100510"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.1653","article-title":"Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza type A virus in mice. Effector mechanisms and their longevity","volume":"152","author":"Liang S","year":"1994","unstructured":"Liang S, Mozdzanowska K, Palladino G, Gerhard W. 1994. Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza type A virus in mice. Effector mechanisms and their longevity. 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