{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:50:04Z","timestamp":1790005804678,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22K16381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K16381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007510","name":"Oita University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Myalgia is a common symptom of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in humans. Autopsies have reported that muscle tissue shows degeneration and necrosis of the myofibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells composed mainly of macrophages and lymphocytes. It remains unclear whether\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    directly infects the muscle and how the infiltrating inflammatory cells are involved in muscle fiber destruction. This study evaluated the relationship between histopathological changes and leptospiral localization in the muscle tissue of a hamster model. The influence of macrophages in skeletal muscle injury was also investigated, using selective depletion of macrophages by administration of liposomal clodronate. Hamsters infected subcutaneously with\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Manilae strain UP-MMC-SM showed myositis of the thighs adjacent to the inoculated area beginning at 6 days post-infection. The myositis was non-purulent and showed sporadic degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers. The degeneration of myofibers was accompanied by aggregations of macrophages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed leptospires surrounding the damaged muscle fibers. Subcutaneous injection of formalin-killed\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    or intraperitoneal injection of live\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    caused no myositis in hamster thighs. Liposomal clodronate treatment in infected hamsters reduced macrophage infiltration in muscle tissue without impacting bacterial clearance. Muscle necrosis was still observed in the infected hamsters treated with liposomal clodronate, and there was no significant change in serum creatine kinase levels compared to those in animals treated with liposomes alone. Our findings suggest that leptospiral invasion of muscle tissue from an inoculation site leads to the destruction of muscle fibers and causes non-purulent myositis, whereas the infiltrating macrophages contribute less to muscle destruction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00420-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T09:14:02Z","timestamp":1705655642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-purulent myositis caused by direct invasion of skeletal muscle tissue by\n                    <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    in a hamster model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8522-860X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Miyahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3446-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsumasa","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar7975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02157-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2023.1195094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"2898","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Haake DA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haake DA, Levett PN. 2019. 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