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However, it remains unclear whether the chlamydial organisms can be introduced into the gastrointestinal tract via pathways independent of the oral and anal routes. We have recently shown that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:named-content>spreads from the genital tract to the gastrointestinal tract potentially via the circulatory system. To test whether hematogenous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>can spread to and establish a long-lasting colonization in the mouse gastrointestinal tract, we inoculated mice intravenously with a luciferase-expressing<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>strain and monitored its distribution. After tail vein inoculation, most luciferase-generated bioluminescence signals were detected in the mouse abdominal area throughout the experiment. The<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>imaging revealed that the abdominal signals came from the gastrointestinal tract tissues. Simultaneous monitoring of chlamydial organisms in individual organs or tissues revealed an initial stage of systemic spreading followed by a long-lasting infection in the gastrointestinal tract. A retro-orbital vein inoculation of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>organisms at a lower dose in a different mouse strain also led to colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. We have demonstrated that intravenous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. muridarum<\/jats:named-content>inoculation can result in colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that the chlamydial organisms may use the sexual behavior-independent circulation pathway to infect the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00432-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T03:13:47Z","timestamp":1465269227000},"page":"2382-2388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Intravenous Inoculation with Chlamydia muridarum Leads to a Long-Lasting Infection Restricted to the Gastrointestinal Tract"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Failor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schenken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Baseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"980","article-title":"Vaccines for Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"3","author":"de la Maza LM","year":"2002","unstructured":"de la Maza LM, Peterson EM. 2002. 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