{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:55:42Z","timestamp":1791215742192,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>is an obligate intracellular parasite that forms a lifelong infection within the central nervous system of its host. The<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>genome encodes six members of the patatin-like phospholipase family; related proteins are associated with host-microbe interactions in bacteria.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>patatin-like protein 1 (TgPL1) was previously determined to be necessary for parasites to suppress nitric oxide and prevent degradation in activated macrophages. Here, we show that in the rapidly replicating tachyzoite stage, TgPL1 is localized within vesicles inside the parasite that are distinct from the dense granules; however, in the encysted bradyzoite stage, TgPL1 localizes to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and cyst wall. While we had not previously seen a defect of the TgPL1 deletion mutant (\u0394TgPL1) during acute and early chronic infection, the localization change of TgPL1 in bradyzoites caused us to reevaluate the \u0394TgPL1 mutant during late chronic infection and in a toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) mouse model. Mice infected with \u0394TgPL1 are more resistant to TE and have fewer inflammatory lesions than mice infected with the wild type and \u0394TgPL1 genetically complemented with<jats:italic>TgPL1<\/jats:italic>. This increased resistance to TE could result from several contributing factors. First, we found that \u0394TgPL1 bradyzoites did not convert back to tachyzoites readily in tissue culture. Second, a subset of cytokine levels were higher in \u0394TgPL1-infected mice, including gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). These studies suggest that TgPL1 plays a role in the maintenance of chronic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00444-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1385439937000},"page":"618-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Toxoplasma Patatin-Like Protein Changes Localization and Alters the Cytokine Response during Toxoplasmic Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Crystal","family":"Tobin Magle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly J.","family":"Pittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey A.","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle M.","family":"Boldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.71.1.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00393192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a028952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9452(93)90205-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(02)00268-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02578.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.2.4.345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26957-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3275325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00258.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0306-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01289-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.607-623.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05538.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05543-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/2091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.24.11703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.5.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"732","article-title":"A gene(s) within the H-2D region determines the development of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice","volume":"74","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"1991","unstructured":"SuzukiYJohKOrellanaMAConleyFKRemingtonJS. 1991. 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